After preparing the schedule of changes in net working capital, the second step is to determine the amount of funds(loss) from business operations. It refers to the funds or loss, which is generated or suffered in the business as a result of its regular operations during the period. The funds fro operation is an important source of fund, while loss from operation is one of the important applications of funds. The funds or loss from operation is determined by adjusting the firm's net income in a statement called the statement of funds from operations. In this statement, the items such as non-operating incomes and non-cash expenses are adjusted while determining the amount of funds(loss) from operations.
Non-cash expenses such as depreciation and amortization of intangible assets do not result in actual cash outflow. Non-operating expenses are those which are not treated as regular expenses of the business. These expenses matter while ascertaining the business income, but are irrelevant in determining the funds(loss) from operations. Therefore non-operating incomes should be deducted from and non-operating and non-cash expenses should be added back to the business income shown by the income statement.
Non-operating and non-cash expenses
* Depreciation for the year
* Amortization of goodwill,copyright,patent,trademark,preliminary expenses
* Discount on issue of share and debenture written off
* Loss on sale of fixed assets or investment
* Loss of revaluation of fixed assets
* Premium on redemption of debentures and preference share.
Incomes and gains which are not earned from the normal business operations are called non-operating incomes. These incomes are included while ascertaining the business income, but are excluded while determining the funds(loss)from operations. The following are the examples of non-operating incomes.
*Gain on sale of fixed assets or investment
* gain on revaluation of fixed assets
* Discount on redemption of debentures and preference share
* Compensation received
* Interest received
* Refund of tax
* Transfer fees received
* Appreciation on fixed assets
Preparation Of Statement Of Funds From Operation
Funds from operations can be determined by using one of the two following methods.
1.Add Back Method
Under this method,net profit is taken as the base. All the non-operating and non-cash expenses are added to net profit and non-operating incomes are deducted.
Funds from operations = Net profit+Non-operating and non-cash expenses-Non operating Incomes.
2.Profit And Loss Adjustment Account Method
Funds from operations can also be determined by preparing an account called profit and loss adjustment account begins with opening balance of profit on its credit side and closing balance on the debit side. Instead of opening and closing balance of profit and loss account, only the amount of net profit for the year can also be brought down to the debit side of this account. Then the items of non-operating expenses and non-cash expenses are adjusted to the debit side and the items of non-operating incomes are adjusted to the credit side to determine the amount of funds(loss) from operations.
Non-operating and non-cash expenses
* Depreciation for the year
* Amortization of goodwill,copyright,patent,trademark,preliminary expenses
* Discount on issue of share and debenture written off
* Loss on sale of fixed assets or investment
* Loss of revaluation of fixed assets
* Premium on redemption of debentures and preference share.
Incomes and gains which are not earned from the normal business operations are called non-operating incomes. These incomes are included while ascertaining the business income, but are excluded while determining the funds(loss)from operations. The following are the examples of non-operating incomes.
*Gain on sale of fixed assets or investment
* gain on revaluation of fixed assets
* Discount on redemption of debentures and preference share
* Compensation received
* Interest received
* Refund of tax
* Transfer fees received
* Appreciation on fixed assets
Preparation Of Statement Of Funds From Operation
Funds from operations can be determined by using one of the two following methods.
1.Add Back Method
Under this method,net profit is taken as the base. All the non-operating and non-cash expenses are added to net profit and non-operating incomes are deducted.
Funds from operations = Net profit+Non-operating and non-cash expenses-Non operating Incomes.
2.Profit And Loss Adjustment Account Method
Funds from operations can also be determined by preparing an account called profit and loss adjustment account begins with opening balance of profit on its credit side and closing balance on the debit side. Instead of opening and closing balance of profit and loss account, only the amount of net profit for the year can also be brought down to the debit side of this account. Then the items of non-operating expenses and non-cash expenses are adjusted to the debit side and the items of non-operating incomes are adjusted to the credit side to determine the amount of funds(loss) from operations.
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